我们介绍了AIDA的设计和首次概念验证实现，AIDA是一种自主智能开发人员，从头开始开发软件。AIDA采用软件需求规范，并在语义知识图上使用推理来解释需求，然后设计和写入软件以满足它们。AIDA在数据，算法和代码的核心领域中同时使用声明性和程序知识，以及一些常识。推理代码库使用这些知识来识别所需的组件，然后设计并构建成为软件的必要信息结构。这些结构，激励要求以及由此产生的源代码本身都是添加到知识图中的所有新知识，可以用于将来的推理。这样，Aida在编写代码时也学习，并在编写后续代码时变得更加有效。

Calculating an Air Quality Index (AQI) typically uses data streams from air quality sensors deployed at fixed locations and the calculation is a real time process. If one or a number of sensors are broken or offline, then the real time AQI value cannot be computed. Estimating AQI values for some point in the future is a predictive process and uses historical AQI values to train and build models. In this work we focus on gap filling in air quality data where the task is to predict the AQI at 1, 5 and 7 days into the future. The scenario is where one or a number of air, weather and traffic sensors are offline and explores prediction accuracy under such situations. The work is part of the MediaEval'2022 Urban Air: Urban Life and Air Pollution task submitted by the DCU-Insight-AQ team and uses multimodal and crossmodal data consisting of AQI, weather and CCTV traffic images for air pollution prediction.

在这项工作中，我们介绍了亲和力-VAE：基于其相似性在多维图像数据中自动聚类和对象分类的框架。该方法扩展了$ \ beta $ -vaes的概念，其基于亲和力矩阵驱动的知情相似性损失组件。与标准的$ \ beta $ -VAE相比，该亲和力VAE能够在潜在表示中创建旋转不变的，形态上均匀的簇，并具有改进的群集分离。我们探讨了2D和3D图像数据上潜在空间的潜在分离和连续性的程度，包括模拟的生物电子冷冻术（Cryo-ET）体积，作为科学应用的一个例子。

机器学习（ML）正在进入安全关键系统（SCS）。目前的安全标准和实践并非设计用于应对ML技术，并且很难相信包含ML组件的SCS是安全的。我们的假设是急于部署ML技术，以彻底检查ML技术是否使用我们尚未充分能够检测和减轻反对的安全问题。因此，我们进行了一个有针对性的文献调查，以确定已经在将ML到SC施加到SCS的研究工作，并在评估部署ML组件的SCSS的安全性方面进行了消耗。本文介绍了调查的（令人惊讶）结果。

An increasing number of public datasets have shown a marked clinical impact on assessing anatomical structures. However, each of the datasets is small, partially labeled, and rarely investigates severe tumor subjects. Moreover, current models are limited to segmenting specific organs/tumors, which can not be extended to novel domains and classes. To tackle these limitations, we introduce embedding learned from Contrastive Language-Image Pre-training (CLIP) to segmentation models, dubbed the CLIP-Driven Universal Model. The Universal Model can better segment 25 organs and 6 types of tumors by exploiting the semantic relationship between abdominal structures. The model is developed from an assembly of 14 datasets with 3,410 CT scans and evaluated on 6,162 external CT scans from 3 datasets. We rank first on the public leaderboard of the Medical Segmentation Decathlon (MSD) and achieve the state-of-the-art results on Beyond The Cranial Vault (BTCV). Compared with dataset-specific models, the Universal Model is computationally more efficient (6x faster), generalizes better to CT scans from varying sites, and shows stronger transfer learning performance on novel tasks. The design of CLIP embedding enables the Universal Model to be easily extended to new classes without catastrophically forgetting the previously learned classes.

In this work, we tackle two vital tasks in automated driving systems, i.e., driver intent prediction and risk object identification from egocentric images. Mainly, we investigate the question: what would be good road scene-level representations for these two tasks? We contend that a scene-level representation must capture higher-level semantic and geometric representations of traffic scenes around ego-vehicle while performing actions to their destinations. To this end, we introduce the representation of semantic regions, which are areas where ego-vehicles visit while taking an afforded action (e.g., left-turn at 4-way intersections). We propose to learn scene-level representations via a novel semantic region prediction task and an automatic semantic region labeling algorithm. Extensive evaluations are conducted on the HDD and nuScenes datasets, and the learned representations lead to state-of-the-art performance for driver intention prediction and risk object identification.

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities in natural language understanding and generation, but the quality bar for medical and clinical applications is high. Today, attempts to assess models' clinical knowledge typically rely on automated evaluations on limited benchmarks. There is no standard to evaluate model predictions and reasoning across a breadth of tasks. To address this, we present MultiMedQA, a benchmark combining six existing open question answering datasets spanning professional medical exams, research, and consumer queries; and HealthSearchQA, a new free-response dataset of medical questions searched online. We propose a framework for human evaluation of model answers along multiple axes including factuality, precision, possible harm, and bias. In addition, we evaluate PaLM (a 540-billion parameter LLM) and its instruction-tuned variant, Flan-PaLM, on MultiMedQA. Using a combination of prompting strategies, Flan-PaLM achieves state-of-the-art accuracy on every MultiMedQA multiple-choice dataset (MedQA, MedMCQA, PubMedQA, MMLU clinical topics), including 67.6% accuracy on MedQA (US Medical License Exam questions), surpassing prior state-of-the-art by over 17%. However, human evaluation reveals key gaps in Flan-PaLM responses. To resolve this we introduce instruction prompt tuning, a parameter-efficient approach for aligning LLMs to new domains using a few exemplars. The resulting model, Med-PaLM, performs encouragingly, but remains inferior to clinicians. We show that comprehension, recall of knowledge, and medical reasoning improve with model scale and instruction prompt tuning, suggesting the potential utility of LLMs in medicine. Our human evaluations reveal important limitations of today's models, reinforcing the importance of both evaluation frameworks and method development in creating safe, helpful LLM models for clinical applications.

This paper presents a simple and effective visual prompting method for adapting pre-trained models to downstream recognition tasks. Our method includes two key designs. First, rather than directly adding together the prompt and the image, we treat the prompt as an extra and independent learnable component. We show that the strategy of reconciling the prompt and the image matters, and find that warping the prompt around a properly shrinked image empirically works the best. Second, we re-introduce two "old tricks" commonly used in building transferable adversarial examples, i.e., input diversity and gradient normalization, into visual prompting. These techniques improve optimization and enable the prompt to generalize better. We provide extensive experimental results to demonstrate the effectiveness of our method. Using a CLIP model, our prompting method sets a new record of 82.8% average accuracy across 12 popular classification datasets, substantially surpassing the prior art by +5.6%. It is worth noting that this prompting performance already outperforms linear probing by +2.1% and can even match fully fine-tuning in certain datasets. In addition, our prompting method shows competitive performance across different data scales and against distribution shifts. The code is publicly available at https://github.com/UCSC-VLAA/EVP.

Named Entity Recognition (NER) is an important and well-studied task in natural language processing. The classic CoNLL-2003 English dataset, published almost 20 years ago, is commonly used to train and evaluate named entity taggers. The age of this dataset raises the question of how well these models perform when applied to modern data. In this paper, we present CoNLL++, a new annotated test set that mimics the process used to create the original CoNLL-2003 test set as closely as possible, except with data collected from 2020. Using CoNLL++, we evaluate the generalization of 20+ different models to modern data. We observe that different models have very different generalization behavior. F\textsubscript{1} scores of large transformer-based models which are pre-trained on recent data dropped much less than models using static word embeddings, and RoBERTa-based and T5 models achieve comparable F\textsubscript{1} scores on both CoNLL-2003 and CoNLL++. Our experiments show that achieving good generalizability requires a combined effort of developing larger models and continuing pre-training with in-domain and recent data. These results suggest standard evaluation methodology may have under-estimated progress on named entity recognition over the past 20 years; in addition to improving performance on the original CoNLL-2003 dataset, we have also improved the ability of our models to generalize to modern data.

We present a human-in-the-loop evaluation framework for fact-checking novel misinformation claims and identifying social media messages that violate relevant policies. Our approach extracts structured representations of check-worthy claims, which are aggregated and ranked for review. Stance classifiers are then used to identify tweets supporting novel misinformation claims, which are further reviewed to determine whether they violate relevant policies. To demonstrate the feasibility of our approach, we develop a baseline system based on modern NLP methods for human-in-the-loop fact-checking in the domain of COVID-19 treatments. Using our baseline system, we show that human fact-checkers can identify 124 tweets per hour that violate Twitter's policies on COVID-19 misinformation. We will make our code, data, and detailed annotation guidelines available to support the evaluation of human-in-the-loop systems that identify novel misinformation directly from raw user-generated content.